基于马尔科夫的城市道路行驶工况构建方法

将汽车行驶工况看作一个随时间变化的马尔科夫过程,利用最大似然估计法,将行驶工况分成6个不同状态,而每个行驶片段作为反映加速度变化的模型事件,更好地保持了车辆行驶过程中微小时间段内的速度变化特性.在此基础上提出了状态转移概率与相似性检验相结合的候选工况选择方法,建立了具有13个特征参数的评价准则.以合肥市典型道路为例进行了实际应用分析,并通过独立性检验,验证了马尔科夫方法应用于行驶工况的合理性.结果表明,在与试验数据进行模型事件加速度分布的K-S检验上,马尔科夫方法相似性水平为0.998、0.989和0.994,而传统方法的相似性水平则为0.788、0.036和0.992.因此其更符合实际道路的行驶工况.     

燕麦种胚细胞和线粒体AsA-GSH循环对外源H2O2引发的响应

本研究探讨了外源H₂O₂引发后，燕麦(Avena sativa)种胚细胞和线粒体抗坏血酸(Ascorbic acid, AsA)-谷胱甘肽(Glutathione, GSH)循环的抗氧化性能的变化规律，以期为植物种子的长期贮藏技术研究提供理论依据。试验以燕麦种子为材料，用浓度为0,0.96,1.92,3.84和7.68 mol·L^-1的H₂O₂引发12 h后，分析其种胚细胞和线粒体脂质过氧化水平、AsA-GSH循环中酶促和非酶促抗氧化物质的变化规律。结果表明：燕麦种胚细胞和线粒体内AsA和GSH含量会随外源H₂O₂浓度的增加而显著降低(P<0.05),其AsA-GSH循环的酶活性、脱氢抗坏血酸和氧化型谷胱甘肽含量均呈先升后降的趋势，其H₂O₂和丙二醛含量显著升高(P<0.05),燕麦种子发芽率则显著降低(P<0.05)。燕麦种胚细胞和线粒体AsA-GSH循环的抗氧化功能变化...     

外源H2O2引发对燕麦种胚细胞AsA-GSH循环的影响

为了探究外源H₂O₂引发对燕麦(Avena sativa)种胚细胞AsA-GSH循环抗氧化性能的影响，本试验以燕麦种子为研究对象，用不同浓度(0，0.96，1.92，3.84和7.68 mol·L^-1)的H₂O₂引发燕麦种子0(CK)，6，12和18 h，分析其种胚细胞抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(Ascorbic acid-glutathione，AsA-GSH)循环抗氧化酶活性、脂质过氧化水平的变化规律，结果表明：外源H₂O₂引发浓度和时间对燕麦种胚细胞的抗氧化能力有密切影响，导致其H₂O₂和丙二醛含量显著增加(P<0.05)，且浓度越高或引发时间越长则增加越多，而其AsA-GSH循环的抗氧化能力在低浓度(0.96 mol·L^-1)或短时间(6 h)引发时被提高，而在高浓度(3.84~7.68 mol·L^-1)或长时间(12~18 h)则会被减弱。抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶是外源H₂O₂引发燕麦种胚细胞内维持H₂O₂平衡所依赖的关键酶。     

冻融循环恢复土壤压实过程中大孔隙作用研究

农机压实土壤的问题很难避免，而农田压实土壤的结构恢复至关重要，冻融循环是恢复压实土壤的有效方法。为了研究冻融循环+大孔隙对恢复压实土壤的作用，通过室内试验重塑压实土壤及人工孔隙措施模拟大孔隙，在不同土壤含水率条件下设计不同的冻融循环次数，利用温度传感器监测土壤温度波动，同时对比冻融循环前后压实土壤孔隙与团聚体参数的变化。结果表明，冻融循环过程中，有人工孔隙压实土壤在高、低两种含水率条件下，分别在第3次和第2次冻融循环时开始大幅温度波动，相同含水率条件下无人工孔隙的压实土壤温度大幅波动则出现在第7次和第4次冻融循环，经历多次冻融循环后，有人工孔隙压实土壤的团聚体平均尺度、结构系数等参数均优于无人工孔隙的压实土壤。人工孔隙可通过调节土壤温度波动改变冻融循环在土壤中的作用强度，加速压实土壤结构恢复进程，冻融循环+大孔隙策略是改善土壤孔隙及团聚体结构的有效措施。     

Effects of biochar addition on greenhouse gas emissions during freeze–thaw cycles in a black soil region,Northeast China

As global warming intensifies, the soil environment in middle to high latitudes will undergo more extensive and frequent freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs), which will significantly affect the carbon and nitrogen cycles of soil ecosystems and aggravate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biochar can increase soil organic carbon storage and mitigate climate change. To effectively control GHG emissions, soil supplemented with biochar at different application rates (0%, 2%, 4% and 6% [w/w]) under different numbers of FTCs (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12) was selected as the research object. The soil GHG emission characteristics in different experimental treatments and their relationships with soil physical and chemical properties were determined. Our results showed that N₂O and CO₂ emissions were promoted during FTCs, with values of 3.13–50.37 and 16.22–135.50 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively. The order of N₂O and CO₂ emissions with respect to biochar application rate was as follows: 2% > 0% > 4% > 6%. CH₄ emissions were negative during FTCs, varying from −1.62 to −10.59 μg m⁻² h⁻¹, and negative CH₄ emissions were promoted by biochar. Correlation analysis showed that N₂O, CO₂ and CH₄ emissions were significantly correlated with pH, soil moisture and soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN) and ${\mathrm{NH}}_4^{+}$–N contents (p < .01). The conceptual path model demonstrated that GHG emissions were significantly influenced by FTCs, moisture, SOM and biochar application rate. Our results indicate that the effects of FTCs on GHG emissions were greater than those of biochar application. Biochar application rates of 4% or 6% should be considered in the future to reduce soil GHG emissions in the black soil region of Northeast China. Our results can help provide a theoretical basis and effective strategy to reduce soil GHG emissions during FTCs in seasonally frozen regions.     

3种抗冻剂处理对凡纳滨对虾冻融循环期间品质及营养变化影响

为评估蔗糖山梨醇、三聚磷酸钠与卡拉胶寡糖等3种抗冻剂处理对凡纳滨对虾冻融期间的抗冻保水效果，分析其营养及风味变化，将新鲜样品分别在30 g/L的蔗糖山梨醇（Sucrose sorbitol, SS）、30 g/L三聚磷酸钠（Sodium tripolyphosphate, ST）与30 g/L卡拉胶寡糖（Carrageenan oligosaccharides, CO）溶液中浸渍处理2 h，以无菌水浸渍处理2 h为对照组（CK）。样品经聚乙烯（Polyethylene, PE）袋包装后冻藏。期间，实验模拟了凡纳滨对虾流通期间的6次冻融循环，分别以持水力（Water holding capability, WHC）、Ca2+-ATPase活性、核磁成像（Magnetic resonance imaging, MRI）与傅立叶变换红外显微成像(Fourier transform infrared imaging, FT-IRI)为评价指标，同时结合基本营养成分与氨基酸分析，综合评价3种抗冻剂处理对冻融凡纳滨对虾的保水效果及品质变化影响。结果得出，与SS、ST处理相比，CO处理能有效延缓冻融样品的WHC、Ca2+-ATPase活性与基本营养成分下降；由氨基酸分析得出，冻融会使样品中的游离氨基酸含量发生变化，卡拉胶寡糖处理组样品冻融期间的鲜甜味氨基酸、必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量均保持在较高水平；MRI与FT-IRI分析可直观反映冻融凡纳滨对虾的蛋白含量变化与水分迁移状况。可见，卡拉胶寡糖处理对冻融凡纳滨对虾的蛋白质、脂肪与水分的保护作用效果明显，其能在发挥良好抗冻保水效果的同时，较好延缓凡纳滨对虾冻融期间的营养成分降低与品质劣变。